Persistence and long run co-movements across stock market prices.

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The relationship between energy consumption and prices. Evidence from futures and spot markets in Spain and Portugal.

Slow economic recovery, market concentration, and scant alternative energy sources make the Iberian energy market quite idiosyncratic when compared to the rest of the EU. This paper focusses on the Iberian energy market by dealing with the analysis of the relationship between energy consumption and energy prices by using fractional integration in the Iberian market. This technique is used in order to examine the degree of persistence of the series, looking at the spot and futures markets in Spain and Portugal. The results indicate that all the series are fractionally integrated, showing long memory and mean reverting behaviour. Moreover, a close relation between energy consumption and energy prices is found in the spot market whereas it is not found in the futures market. In fact, there is a weak relationship between the futures market and energy consumption. However, regarding energy pricing, the relationship is stronger but with the spot market itself.post-print725 K

Persistence in the market risk premium: evidence across countries.

This paper provides evidence on the degree of persistence of one of the key components of the CAPM, namely the market risk premium, as well as its volatility. The analysis applies fractional integration methods to data for the US, Germany and Japan, and for robustness purposes considers different time horizons (2, 5 and 10 years) and frequencies (monthly and weekly). The empirical findings in most cases imply that the market risk premium is a highly persistent variable which can be characterized as a random walk process, whilst its volatility is less persistent and exhibits stationary long-memory behaviour. There is also evidence that in the case of the US the degree of persistence has changed as a results of various events; this is confirmed by both endogenous break tests and the associated subsample estimates. Market participants should take this evidence into account when designing their investment strategies.post-print790 K

The Social Balance Sheet as Part of the Annual Report in Financial Institutions. A Case Study: Banco Bilbao Vizcaya Argentaria (BBVA).

In this paper, we examine the concept of the social balance sheet (SBS) and its evolution in corporate social reports that large companies have to issue today in their yearly statements. The SBS allows companies to evaluate their compliance with corporate social responsibility during a specific period and quantify its level of accomplishment. From a methodological perspective, this research analyzed the information that should be contained in the SBS report comparing economic value added (EVA) with other social value added statements (SVA), analyzing also in detail the case of Spain’s Banco Bilbao Vizcaya Argentaria (BBVA) bank as one of the pioneers in offering social reports. Along with this study, their metrics following EVA were recalculated and a more academic SVA statement was proposed for this specific case.post-print992 K

Non-linearities and persistence in US long-run interest rates.

This note examines the stochastic behaviour of US monthly 10-year government bond yields. Specifically, it estimates a fractional integration model suitable to capture both persistence and non-linearities, these being two important properties of interest rates. Two series are analysed, one from Bloomberg including end-of-the-month values over the period January 1962-August 2020, the other from the ECB reporting average monthly values over the period January 1900-August 2020. The estimation results indicate that both are highly persistent and exhibit non-linearities, the latter being more pronounced in the case of the ECB series. Also, there is no conclusive evidence of the presence of structural breaks.post-print795 K

Un análisis estratégico del sector de las telecomunicaciones

Este trabajo de investigación pretende identificar las principales características estratégicas del sector de telecomunicaciones, con especial énfasis en la situación actual y posible evolución futura de las empresas. Se tomará como punto de partida el periodo precrisis 2004-2008 y se comparará con la situación actual 2009-2014. Dada la coyuntura actual tras la crisis financiera de los últimos cinco años y las expectativas de salida de la misma, en este estudio se realiza un análisis estratégico del sector de las comunicaciones que servirá de base para analizar futuras expansiones de este sector, una vez su-peradas las limitaciones económicas actuales. También se quiere resaltar las grandes incertidumbres asociadas a la aparición de las nuevas tecnologías móviles de banda ancha que han provocado un fuerte cambio tecnológico en el entorno de los operadores móviles. Este estudio comienza con una breve reseña histórica del sector y concluye con los principales cambios históricos, desafíos, riesgos y objetivos actuales del mismo, realizándose una segmentación de los principales operadores

Mean reversion in monetary aggregates in Chile.

In this paper we examine the statistical properties of the monetary aggregates in Chile in order to know if the time series display mean reverting behavior. For this purpose, we use techniques based on fractional integration. Monthly data of various Chilean monetary aggregates from January 1986 until August 2019 are used, and the results indicate very weak evidence of mean reversion. In fact, this property is only found in the case of the currency on circulation and M1 for some of the series examined; however, for M2 and M3 the results clearly show high persistence with orders of integration substantially higher than 1. Thus, shocks are expected to have a permanent nature in these cases. Another remarkable feature observed in the results is that the level of persistence in the series seems to grow with the amount of the monetary aggregate. In a multivariate context, performing a FCVAR model, evidence of cointegration is found among the monetary aggregates, finding a long run equilibrium relationship between them.pre-print395 K

Un modelo de Planificación Financiera Sostenible, a través de un proceso de optimización.

El propósito del artículo es proponer un modelo sostenible de planificación financiera, a partir del cumplimiento de una serie de objetivos corporativos. El planteamiento en este sentido, es el de la optimización simultánea de estos objetivos a partir de las técnicas de optimización multicriteriopost-prin

Stock market indices and sustainability: A comparison between them.

In this paper, we examine the issue of sustainability in the stock markets by comparing various statistical properties of the classical stock market indices against the recent sustainable ones. Weekly and monthly data from Dow Jones, Eurostoxx and Hang Seng indices were collected, and fractional integration methods were used to analyze differences in terms of persistence and mean reversion for both sustainable and common indices. The results indicate high levels of persistence in all cases, observing almost no differences across the markets. Long memory is also detected in the absolute and squared returns in both markets.pre-print458 K